Patent Medicines

Vintage advertisements are always fun to look at, giving a window into the early world of consumerism. These advertisements offered solutions to all your problems, be it indigestion, graying hair, wrinkles, jangled nerves or other issues. The promises they made were often extravagant.

Vintage Hair Coloring Ad

Parker’s Hair Balsam would have you believe an aging codger can be transformed into a happy, youthful looking husband with children playing at his feet. Apparently it does more than just color the hair.

Some hucksters made use of Native American sounding names to give their product added veracity.

Patent Herbal Ointment

The front of this little vintage advertisement card lists many ailments treatable with this marvelous ointment. But if that doesn’t convince you, the reverse of the card gives a long list of ailments which most definitely can be relieved. If it’s sold by all druggists, it must be good!

Reverse of Ointment Card

I have to admit to a certain skepticism about sore throats responding to something slathered on your skin. Scurvy and rickets are nutritional disorders, but never mind that. All will be completely cured. Regrettably an Internet search revealed nothing about this product or what it might have contained, so there’s no way to tell if it actually had any virtue.

The next ad is a little more forthcoming.

Sarsaparilla Ad

Sarsaparilla rear of ad card

Here we get a breakdown of the helpful ingredients in this cure-all. Sarsaparilla contains antioxidants so is potentially useful as an anti-inflammatory. Stillingia, also a root, is an old folk remedy for bronchitis, hemorrhoids and syphilis. Yellow-dock has anti-inflammatory properties and was used in respiratory ailments, as a laxative and also STD infections. Mandrake root is reputed to have effects similar to the other ingredients but can cause dizziness and vomiting, if the dose is too large.

Iodide of Potassium could potentially help the thyroid while Iodide of Iron served as a catalyst. It sounds like the druggists tossed a little bit of everything into their concoction in the hopes of helping their ailing customers. It’s hard to say if this medicine really helped its users but it brought its creator James Cook Ayer considerable success. Advertising was key to his popularity and while he took a fair amount of criticism from competitors, he did quite well for a while.

If his medicines did little good, at least they likely didn’t do much harm either. Not so for other patent medicines which often had alcohol, cocaine or opium as their main ingredients. Especially chilling was the use of radioactive elements such as radium as a curative, which led to the gruesome death of Eben Byers. A noted golfer, the Tiger Woods of his time, he had suffered a painful injury and seeking treatment fell victim to Dr. Bailey, a Harvard dropout posing as a physician, who recommended Radithor, a nostrum laced with radium, which he was hawking as a cure-all. Unaware of the hazards of radiation, the unfortunate Mr Byers swallowed the concoction twice a day for three years until he began developing symptoms of weight loss and bone deterioration which led to the loss of his entire lower jaw and finally his early death.

It was this tragic case which strengthened the FDA’s powers allowing them to eliminate quack cures of this nature off the market and away from vulnerable customers.

As resource shortages plus inflation begin biting, home cures and medicines are starting to make a comeback. Along with their return is the risk of quack nostrums reappearing. One way to avoid mistakes of the past is to inform oneself on how your body functions and what works best for keeping you in good shape. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. If illness does crop up, knowledge of herbs and different therapies will help you distinguish between real healing and abject quackery.

And who knows. Perhaps those charming little advertisements of yesteryear will return, better vetted, touting genuinely helpful products.

Sulpher bitters advertisement

Foot Work

One of the toughest parts of the human anatomy to draw for me is the foot. Getting those toes, nails, heels and arches to look right is tricky. This is why many art instruction books show the bones underlying not only the human form but that of any animal. There’s really no way around it. To get the outer part looking right, you need to know what lies beneath.

bones of human foot

The human foot is made up of 26 bones, 30 joints, and more than 100 muscles, ligaments and tendons. No wonder the darn things are so hard to draw!

sketches of feet

Our feet are highly specialized because they help us accomplish that amazing balancing act known as walking upright.

Our habit of walking on our heels and toes to do this is referred to as plantigrade locomotion. Other animals also use this method such as other apes and monkeys, raccoons, opossums and bears.

bear paw print in snow

The above photo was taken by one of my brothers, showing an excellent bear paw print in new fallen snow with his hunting glove beside it to give some scale. Bears can also manage the trick of standing up on their hind legs and walking a bit, but this is not their preferred mode of walking.

Other four-legged animals have differently shaped feet, depending on their own style of walking. Cats and dogs, for example, don’t walk plantigrade as we do. Instead, they use the digitigrade form of locomotion. This involves walking on their toes. Many people do not realize that their pets literally tip-toe about. If you look at the ‘toe beans’ on the bottom of a cat’s paw, you’ll see the row of toe pads and underneath them is a pad which actually covers what for us would be the ball of the foot. The heel is further up on what many people take to be part of the leg but is really the foot of the animal. This photo of a kangaroo makes this a little clearer.

kangaroo

Like us, the kangaroo has a highly specialized foot. When at rest they are plantigrade like we are. But when they begin hopping, they rise up on their toes. Interestingly when they move at a slow walk, they use their large tails as an extra ‘leg’.

Hoofed animals, like horses or deer, carry the digitigrade form to an extreme. They don’t just walk or run about on their toes. They actually walk about on their toe tips. Hooves are just highly modified toenails. Ballerinas, eat your hearts out!

My art efforts for the foot are modest to say the least, even with the use of gestural drawing, which is useful for starting out, while learning to master the form of your subject. As always, practice makes perfect, so it’s a good idea to stock up on sketch books, so you can observe the evolution of your own drawing style. In addition to art anatomy instruction books, here are many tutorials on You-Tube to follow, to help you draw better looking feet.

Happy drawing!

Medieval Art

Art supplies

With the garden finally planted and growing, thoughts of artwork return. While my art instruction books focus on present day art styles, I find it both interesting and helpful to look back at the art of previous centuries.

Medieval print of astrologers

Medieval paintings and drawings are always worth studying. While the artwork looks crude and even amateurish by today’s standards, I think that’s an unfair assessment. With the collapse of the Roman Empire, whatever schools or art styles were being taught likely vanished for the most part to be replaced by the art of the Germanic barbarians who moved in with their own traditions and set up shop. Absorbing the bits and pieces of what the Romans left, the budding new nations of Europe began developing their own style.

Medieval castle siege

The lack of perspective is often remarked on. The figures on the castle ramparts seem way out-sized compared to the castle itself and the tents in the background nearly as big as the castle itself. But perspective wasn’t the goal here. The action itself was, so all players in this drama had to be seen clearly with their roles in the battle apparent along with their status, indicated by their mode of dress. Interest in any realistic perspective didn’t show up until the Renaissance.

Views of everyday life can be found in countless illustrations.

medieval family

This image from the Hunterian Psalter, an illuminated prayer book from 12th century England shows a family performing their chores. The wife uses a drop spindle for weaving yarn while the husband digs with his shovel in the field (barefoot no less!). At the wife’s feet sits a cradle with a placid faced infant firmly swaddled.

While the figures were meant to illustrate moral lessons or incidents from the Bible, they were drawn from ordinary life. Below is an image also from the Hunterian Psalter showing wine being produced.

medieval image of wine being made

Wine pressing must be hard work as the wine stomper appears unclad and looks like he is sampling some of the unfinished product to quench his thirst at the same time.

The next picture is from the Luttrell Psalter, showing sheep penned up, perhaps being sheared, while two women carrying water vessels pass by.

medieval sheep pen

The Luttrell Psalter, from the early fourteenth century, is famous for its countless illustrations of everyday life. Some of the drawings, though, are definitely out of the ordinary depicting demons, strange animals and odd grotesques of every sort.

medieval art grotesques

Here we have two gray faced beings battling each other, one getting a pot smashed over his head, perhaps a moralistic admonition by the artist about the evils of drinking. Other figures range from a spunky bishop pinching the nose of a demon,

bishop pinching demon's nose

to creatures so odd, it’s hard to make out what the illustrator was portraying.

illustrations in psalter

One thing’s for certain, there was no lack of imagination and talent in the Middle Ages. One could do worse than to look at these colorful and often whimsical images for sources of artistic inspiration.

Happy drawing!

Rewriting myths

Goddess Athena
Athena

While working on my novel, which involves ancient gods manifesting themselves here on Earth in modern times, I’ve had occasion to rewrite some of the ancient myths which lie behind many of these gods. This is to help the divinities to make more sense to modern readers.

There have been other books which place the old gods in more modern settings. Neil Gaiman’s American Gods is a good example. The gods are given contemporary garb and are in competition with newer gods. For younger readers there is the Percy Jackson series. I choose to keep the gods in their traditional roles but have their legends reflect modern discoveries. For example Ouranos (better known to snickering teens everywhere as Uranus) is an ancient Titan Who is millions of years old but in the story has already Transcended so He’s not seen in the novel, only mentioned.

Rewrites of myths are nothing new. In ancient times, such stories were originally told orally and would be altered to suit the audience listening to the tales. There was no centralized religious doctrine which would have standardized the legends.This is why you often see more than one origin for a god. Dionysus is most commonly portrayed as the son of Zeus by a mortal woman called Semele. But other stories have Him as the son of Persephone by Zeus, an origin which no doubt raised a few eyebrows as Persephone was the daughter of Zeus by Demeter Who happens to be a sister of Zeus.

Dionysus riding leopard
The God Dionysus

Athena no longer springs full grown from the head of Zeus. Instead she is the daughter of Metis who was an earlier wife of Zeus. As a young goddess, She watches Her parents quarrel and become estranged over the War with the Titans, which Metis advised against. After Metis’s warnings are borne out by the massive disruption of global ecosystems and human societies which was the end of the Ice Age, She quits Her throne in disgust and Transcends which is when Hera becomes the new consort of Zeus.

Minor tales come in for a rewrite as well. The Graeae sisters were originally portrayed as immortal beings sharing one tooth and one eye between Them. This odd characteristic is thought by some to indicate that the single eye and tooth may have been a source of oracular powers. Since the stories have long since become detached from the cultures they were a part of, these details have lost whatever meaning they had. I rewrote the story in the following manner.

The Graeae were daughters of Ceto and Phorcys Who were sea gods. When They were born, the Graeae had Their teeth but possessed no eyes, only empty sockets. Their mother Ceto went to the god Hephaestus, asking the Master Craftsman of the gods if He would create eyes for Her children so They could see. Hephaestus crafted a set of eyes for each of the sisters and all was well for a while. But the sisters got careless with Their eyes, playfully swapping them around or juggling them. This eventually resulted in the eyes being lost or broken one by one until the Sisters had only the one eye left. When Ceto returned to Hephaestus for replacement eyes, He was infuriated over how carelessly His creations had been handled and refused to make new ones. So, to this day, the Graeae must make do with the one eye.

The God Hephaestus
Hephaestus

The gorgons have a similar jumble of tales. In one, only Medusa has the power to turn Her victims to stone, the result of having violated the sanctity of one of Athena’s temples by having sex with Poseidon, which angered Athena, Who changed the once beautiful woman into a hideous monster. Other tales have three gorgons, Stheno, Euryale and Medusa, all born hideous with snakes for hair. Of the trio, only Medusa is mortal and can be killed, though no explanation of why she was mortal was given. I amended this by writing all three were immortal, but Perseus was given the great Harpe sword by his father Zeus. The Harpe sword is portrayed as a divine weapon, able to slay divinities as well as mortals and it was this he used to destroy Medusa.

Harpe sword
Harpe sword of Zeus

Lastly comes Odin. Legends portray Him and His brothers as having killed Ymir, a primeval androgenous being, said to be the first giant. The divine siblings then dismember Ymir and create the world with His body parts. This has been rewritten as Ymir still being an ancient giant but living in already existing world. One of His roles was leader of the Wild Hunt. When He finally Transcended, He turned over control of the Wild Hunt to Odin, Who’s been conducting it ever since. And what exactly is the Wild Hunt? Well, it’s not what you might think.

Odin and His ravens
Odin and His ravens

But that’s all for now. See you next month.

ISINGLASS AND OTHER FOODSTUFFS

The local recycling station as well as the local food coop both have shelves dedicated for books people can drop off or pick up if they want. It’s a good way to acquire a book free of charge to add to your collection or return to the discard shelf if it doesn’t pass muster. I have gotten a pretty good number of free books to add to my collection in this way. The latest one I picked up is titled The Curiosities Of Food or The Dainties and Delicacies of Different Nations Obtained from the Animal Kingdom by Peter Lund Simmonds. As can probably be surmised from the long title, this was a reprint of a book originally published in 1850.

The book makes for surprisingly droll reading. The author compiles an exhaustive list of all the different types of food; birds, reptiles, mammals, fish, mollusks and even insects from all over the world (as it was in his time) along with how they are cooked (or not). With a certain amount of dry humor he describes the preparation of certain dishes by locals and leaves it to you to decide if it’s actually something you want to try or not.

One anecdote he collected from someone who had gone to China described the unusual presentation of a covered dish, unusual because dishes were usually served uncovered at Chinese meals. The dish, when the lid was quickly removed, proved to contain dozens and dozens of live baby crabs which proceeded to make their escape while guests snatched them up and devoured them. The visiting gentleman was game enough to grab a few, pronouncing them ‘soft and gelatinous’ (but didn’t indicate if they tasted any good) but stopped when he got a painful claw pinch on his lip from the third. I’ll pass.

Baby crab

After coming across such disconcerting entries as how delicious Passenger Pigeons are and that South Africans occasionally dined on quagga steaks, I moved onto the section covering fish and came across a reference to isinglass. While I had heard the word before, I had just assumed it was some sort of glassware. Turns out, it’s actually a product made from fish.

Isinglass

Isinglass is a substance created from the dried swim bladders of fish. A form of collagen, it can be used as glue, but also as a clarifying agent in wine and beer. Once processed, it has no fishy flavor (which is why your beer doesn’t taste fishy) and has been used for thousands of years. In Roman times, it was used as an ingredient in patching up head wounds and street magicians would coat their feet with it before doing their fire-walking tricks. In the Middle Ages, it was used to help gold dust adhere to manuscripts being illuminated.

Vegans may wail about dried swim bladders from fish in their beer but there are alternatives, of course. Whether they are a tasty substitute or not, I’m not able to judge as I don’t drink. But that’s just a personal choice which has nothing to do with obsessing about possible animal bits in any of my food. In fact, if you read some of the information online, there’s actually not much of anything that’s totally free of insect contamination, especially with the vast amount of food processing done by agribusinesses. Read too much of this stuff and you’re likely to wind up not eating much of anything. Ignorance really is bliss in this case.

Still after reading Mr. Simmonds book, it’s apparent humans will eat pretty much anything that doesn’t eat them first. No matter what we pop into our mouths, adding extra flavor to our cuisine is important. Salt, herbs, spices, sauces, gravies get added in varying amounts to perk up a meal. In ancient Rome and around the Mediterranean, the flavoring of choice was something called garum. This is a fermented sauce made from fish parts. The production of the sauce was a reeky process, causing its makers to be banished to the edges of cities but once the sauce finished its fermentation process, its flavor became subtle and mild (and presumably not as reeky). Enthusiatically embraced by most Romans, it occupied much the same place in cookery that garlic does today.

garum sauce

Frankly I think I’ll pass on both but I’m probably just being fussy.

A condiment that my mother’s father was fond of was horseradish. He grew it himself and ground it up to serve as a little side dish for himself at dinnertime (no one else was willing to touch the stuff apparently). This turned out to be a recipe for disaster (of a minor sort). My grandmother was in the habit of serving mashed potatoes in a side dish as well instead of directly on the plate. One fine day my grandfather was lecturing the kids about something and eating mashed potato while he did so. My mother says at one point he mistakenly took a heaping spoonful of horseradish instead of potato. The kids all watched in fascination while he did this, no one shouting a warning to poor old Granddad. Of course, there was the inevitable explosion (*@#&, Why didn’t somebody say something?). I smell payback here somewhere, I think.

Horseradish root

That’s all for this month. Bon Appetit!